Immigration As A Way To Change Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Movement As A Way To Change Life - Essay Example The immature living condition, with its obscured and rather unpalatable assembling structures, make anâ atmosphere of terribleness which is accentuated by the ghastly looking residents who pull themselves around the city tediously as they experience their lives in both social seclusion and dread of the vulnerability that alarming financial situations can cause. During this timespan, within the homes of the residents of Tyler, most inside dã ©cor is totally desolate, with worn out window ornaments and matured endured furniture. Periodically, families have no proper eating zones, bringing on additional mental harm as far as finding both confidence and a feeling of having a place in a threatening living condition. Numerous families are compelled to permit their all-encompassing kinfolk to live in their dilapidated lofts or unassuming residences so as to make sure about enough salary essentially to keep food in their eager paunches. In my family, youngsters had to pack into a solitary room, which for the most part comprised of numerous beds, arranged in an ideal line in the midst of a domain urgently needing redesign and a sprinkle of shading. While other kids over the globe experience happiness from very much enlivened rooms, bound with weaving and banners of renowned big names or competitors, the resting condition in Tyler was as cold and un inviting as the outside environmental factors. During the evening hours, my kin and I would murmur to each other in the peaceful night, continually attempting to muffle the stunning quietness which brought vibes of flimsiness and dread of the obscure. Deficiencies of food and other Westernized items caused noteworthy issues with the majority of the neighborhood network. Since I was among the most advantageous in my more distant family, I was frequently chosen for secure a solitary portion of bread with the goal that the family could have a manageable dinner.

Job Satisfaction Among The Faculty Members Education Essay Free Essays

It is troublesome reality that the nature of guidance in any state relies on the nature of the educators. A great learning staff is the premise of an effective instructive framework. Drawing in and holding top notch teachers is an essential need for guidance in any state. We will compose a custom article test on Employment Satisfaction Among The Faculty Members Education Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now One measure in building up a top notch module is to comprehend the variables related with learning quality and keeping. One of these components is occupation fulfillment, which has been concentrated broadly by hierarchical research laborers and has been connected to authoritative committedness each piece great as to authoritative open introduction. Employment fulfillment is a mind boggling variable and is impacted by situational components of the occupation each piece great as the dispositional highlights of the individual. It unmistakably shows that there are figure of variables which influence occupation fulfillment of module individuals. Despite the fact that tonss of surveies has been done regarding the matter occupation fulfillment yet at the same time some work request to be done, which is finished by this paper. The main motivation behind this paper is as to move up all the variables affecting occupation fulfillment under one umbrella. This paper encourages explore bookmans to put some more factors which influence or may affect occupation fulfillment. Cardinal words: Job fulfillment, Recognition and Appreciation, Physical condition, Opportunities for exposure, Leadership way. Presentation Employment Satisfaction involves two words â€Å" Job † and â€Å" Satisfaction † .A Before we characterize the expression, it is of import to comprehend the word â€Å" fulfillment † . Fulfillment is characterized as the satisfaction or fulfillment of a longing, request, or craving. Delight is a territory of being delighted or fulfilled. Hence, one can reason that â€Å" fulfillment † is an inner inclination and no aggregate of outside pleasances or amenitiess can satisfy you except if you need â€Å" to encounter † satisfied.A The term ‘Job Satisfaction ‘ , by the by, insufficiencies sufficient definition ( Herzberg et al. 1957 ) each piece great as an acceptable hypothesis about its criticalness. The distinction in a wide range of positions is by all accounts caused preeminent by the varying idea of occupations that people perform ; furthermore the push to gestate occupation fulfillment in a grouping of ways by various subjects like Psychology, Sociology, Education and Management, and so on , and in the end, the arrangement of strategies utilized by arranged research laborers to examine occupation fulfillment. In basic footings, the acknowledgment of laborers ‘ physical and mental viewpoints establishes occupation fulfillment. A single gets an association together with specific viewpoints and when these standpoints work out as expected the single gets satisfied with his/her association and his/her occupation, and this builds his/her productivity and open introduction ( Nelson A ; Quick, 1995 ) . Notwithstanding, when these standpoints do non run into with work conditions, occupation fulfillment does non occur, and as a result ; the specialist loses open introduction and effectiveness and may even sabotage the occupation or end it. It is of import to prevent laborers from encountering baffled and expand their effectiveness and open introduction by putting and adjusting the components that influence occupation fulfillment ( Noe, et Al. 1997 ) . Employment fulfillment or disappointment is the outcome of grouped mentalities, the individual holds towards his occupation, towards the related components and towards life when all is said in done. Employment fulfillment is reflected in the mentalities individuals hold towards their occupations, inspirational disposition towards the occupation hint fulfillment with it and negative perspectives towards it imply disappointment with it. In this manner occupation fulfillment is the terminal region in feeling, append toing the accomplishment by an inclination of its point. Occupation fulfillment is identified with human requests and their satisfaction through work. Actually, occupation fulfillment is produced by the individual ‘s perceptual experience of how great his occupation all in all is satisfying his different requests. The interest for fulfillment and fulfillment is a continuous methodology. Employment fulfillment at a state of clasp relies on the laborers goal degree and grade of disappointment he gets from his occupation. On the off chance that the work situation satisfies the wants of the representatives, it is not out of the ordinary that their demeanor be given to be great. In twist rout following from such wants, will in general deliver ominous perspectives and perchance by a sort of link response, malevolence, hapless occupation open introduction, going to employments, high turnover and other undesirable reactions. Blending to Kochan ( 1978 ) , Job Satisfaction is the entire framework of occupation factors that make an individual like his work situation and is willing to caput for it without hatred toward the start of his work twenty-four hours. This implies Job fulfillment incorporates two aspects: Life and lounging the occupation and Traveling to one ‘s occupation with caput erect and smilings. In this manner Job fulfillment is a blend of mental, physiological and natural fortunes that cause an individual honestly to state, â€Å" I am happy with my occupation † . In this manner occupation fulfillment is a favourableness with which representatives sees their work. Significance of Job Satisfaction Occupation fulfillment has been the focal point of the fixation for look into laborers more than three decennaries. The reason for such fixation are manifolds: To the specialist 1. Occupation fulfillment brings a charming enthusiastic territory that can every now and again prompts a positive work demeanor. 2. A fulfilled specialist is bound to be originative, adaptable, progressed, and faithful. 3. A fulfilled specialist is progressively dedicated towards his association. 4. It improves their personal satisfaction. 5. It improves their physical and mental health. For the association 1. It improves the nature of work. 2. It improves the proportion of creation. 3. It improves the positive attitude of the association. 4. It lessens the enrolling and arrangement cost. 5. It makes tranquil workplace. 6. It pulls in great blessing from outside. Along these lines, it is extremely of import for the association ‘s to do all the endeavors to do their workers fulfilled in any case impacts can be downright awful. Following header clarify the impacts of low occupation fulfillment. Effectss of low Job Satisfaction High Absenteeism Truancy implies it is an acclimated type of nonattendance from obligation or obligation. At the point when the representatives are non fulfilled from their work or association so they regularly stay progressively missing, which demonstrates non appropriate utilization of hierarchical assets. It is non useful for the association from this point forward and achievement. High low low High Employment satisfact particle Pace of turnover and nonattendances A Bacillus Fig.no. 1 Curve demoing connection between occupation fulfillment and pace of turnover and non-attendance. In the above chart line AB shows opposite connection between occupation fulfillment and pace of turnover and pace of non-appearance. As the occupation fulfillment is high the paces of both turnover and non-appearance is low and tight clamp a versa. 2. High Employee turnover In human asset, Turnover alludes to the rate at which a business augmentations and losingss the staff. At the point when the representatives are non fulfilled so they are all the more ready to cease the occupation and need to fall in another association. On the off chance that the business is supposed to be hold a high turnover pace of workers, with the goal that organization will hold shorter term of office than those of different organizations. 3. It expands enrolling and arrangement cost augmentations As representatives leave association because of miss of occupation fulfillment so Human asset executive needs to enlist new workers which expands the enrolling and arrangement outgo of the organization. 4. Low Productiveness In the event that the representative is non happy with his/her occupation so his/her productiveness lessenings and the other way around. 5. Low quality of work In the event that the representative is non happy with his/her occupation so his/her productiveness diminishes each piece great as he will non make deliver stocks of good quality. 6. It ruins the Goodwill of the association. Low fulfillment powers the workers to cease and fall in new occupation. It ruins associations cooperative attitude. 7. It ruins physical and mental wellbeing of individuals. Disappointment with one time occupation may hold especially unpredictable overflow consequences for some different things, for example, family unit life, relaxation exercises and so on. Numerous unsolved character occupations and maladjustments start out of individual failure to happen fulfillment in his work. Both logical review and insouciant perception give adequate grounds that occupation fulfillment is of import for the mental settlement and upbeat existence of single. Components affecting Job fulfillment As the clasp changes the new factors affecting occupation Satisfaction are other than expanding at a high stride. Following are the variables which influence the occupation fulfillment of module individuals at evolving grade. 1. Pay One of the vast majority of import purposes to make an occupation is to pick up cash since it is cash simply through which needs, requests can be satisfied. In the event that one gets a fine-looking pay by which one can manage the cost of the life may do occupation fulfillment. Be that as it may, if the compensation can non endure 1s use so one can non be happy with the pay. Findingss from a few surveies underline wage as one of the greater part of import factors act uponing one ‘s level of occupation fulfillment. In a review directed by Herzberg ( 1959 ) , workers who are d

How to Stop Procrastination

How to Stop Procrastination Stress Management Management Techniques Time Management Print How to Stop Procrastination: 9 Tips to Try By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 24, 2018 More in Stress Management Management Techniques Time Management Physical Techniques Relaxation Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Wondering how to stop procrastination? Many people are. Most of us have found ourselves putting things off and just watching ourselves do it, as if from the perspective of an outsider looking in, at least at one time or another. While we may tackle certain projects with gusto, some tasks leave us feeling paralyzed with inertia, watching our deadlines approach (or pass us by) as we wonder how to force ourselves to move forward. If this sounds dreadfully familiar, I have help! The next time you find yourself battling procrastination, you will have more tools on your side. Read on for 9 tips on how to stop procrastination. Keep Perfectionism In Check While not all procrastination comes from perfectionism, this can definitely be a factor. Think about it: when youre letting perfectionism take hold, you may let projects become so large that youre intimidated to start. You may then be at the mercy of procrastination. If you find yourself procrastinating out of perfectionism, you can help yourself by relaxing your standards. Shoot for good enough and work your way up to great if you have the time and energy. Dont let the goal of perfection keep you from starting! Get Quick Things Out of the Way Sometimes a too-long to-do list can intimidate you into procrastination; all those items that need your attention can sap you of the energy you need to get started. One helpful how to stop procrastination tip is to make a list of the things you need to get done and note how long each item should take to complete. As you review the list, take any item that can be completed in 5 minutes or less, and do it immediately. This can not only shorten your to-do list quickly but can energize you as you mark off the items. It also sets you started in the right direction to finish the rest. Take Small Steps Breaking procrastination-worthy projects down into smaller steps is a well-known and effective procrastination-busting technique. It can be much easier to begin tackling a project that you know you can complete quickly, and once youve taken a few initial steps in the right direction, you can keep moving more easily and continue until youre finished. (As you complete each step, youll likely feel more energized and motivated to complete more.) One important key is to make the steps short, concrete, and set in your schedule. Small steps lead to big gains! Reward Yourself As you complete each of these smaller steps, the sense of satisfaction and accomplishment you feel can be its own reward and can create its own motivation to move on to the next step. However, sometimes you can benefit from an extra reward. In these cases, you can propel yourself forward by attaching small rewards to each of your small steps, or a bigger reward when you complete several. Go to a movie, celebrate milestones with friends, do things you enjoy when you complete your tasks. You may be dreading the task itself, but the treat on the other side can motivate you to get started! Do the Easy Things First When a task feels overwhelming, its often because we doubt our ability to tackle it. One way to build self-confidence is to tackle the easier parts of the job first. This can give you a boost in two ways: first, as you complete the easier tasks, the job may feel less daunting, and itll be easier to stop procrastination as you complete it; second, once the easy parts of the job are completed, youll be left with less overall work to do, so the rest of the job is smaller and may seem easier to take on. In both ways, your confidence can grow by taking on the easy parts of the job first. Or Do the Hard Things First If you know you can do the task at hand, but you just cringe when you think of the work thats involved, save yourself some stress and tackle the unpleasant or difficult parts of the job first. Like quickly pulling off a bandage, youll get the most uncomfortable part of the job out of the way, and save yourself all the discomfort that comes from dreading and avoiding it before you finally stop procrastination and do it anyway. Dont prolong all that stress! Get the hard parts out of the way, and the rest of the job will be much easier to do. Be an Optimist Another way to combat the self-doubt that often leads to procrastination is to start thinking more like a classic optimist: highlight the positive and minimize the negative parts of the job and of yourself. Look more closely at why you may feel you cant do this task and challenge those views by actively looking at reasons you can: your strengths, your resources, and your successesâ€"similar tasks youve successfully completed in the past. Focus more heavily on why you can do this, and less on why you think you cant. Let Your Temptations Fuel You Never has a television show seemed so inviting to me as when Im procrastinating and avoiding a big project. T.V. shows, conversations with friends, snackingâ€"suddenly these activities can feel irresistible! Im sure you can relate. When youre wondering how to stop procrastination, part of the solution is staring you in the face: look at these things that come up as tempting distractions, and use them as rewards instead! Just tell yourself that whatever it is youd rather be doing, can be your reward for a job well done once you complete part of your work. Use Your Energy Wisely Have you ever noticed that you have more energy at certain times of the day? (For me its usually late morning.) Tackling those things that usually fall prey to procrastination during these high energy windows can help you to be much more productive, can make the job itself feel easier, and can help you stop procrastination much more easily. For the next few days, notice when these higher-energy times of day are for you. Then leave the easier tasks for when youre frazzled at the end of the day, and use your energy on your more challenging tasks when you have higher amounts of it.

How to Stop Procrastination

How to Stop Procrastination Stress Management Management Techniques Time Management Print How to Stop Procrastination: 9 Tips to Try By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 24, 2018 More in Stress Management Management Techniques Time Management Physical Techniques Relaxation Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Wondering how to stop procrastination? Many people are. Most of us have found ourselves putting things off and just watching ourselves do it, as if from the perspective of an outsider looking in, at least at one time or another. While we may tackle certain projects with gusto, some tasks leave us feeling paralyzed with inertia, watching our deadlines approach (or pass us by) as we wonder how to force ourselves to move forward. If this sounds dreadfully familiar, I have help! The next time you find yourself battling procrastination, you will have more tools on your side. Read on for 9 tips on how to stop procrastination. Keep Perfectionism In Check While not all procrastination comes from perfectionism, this can definitely be a factor. Think about it: when youre letting perfectionism take hold, you may let projects become so large that youre intimidated to start. You may then be at the mercy of procrastination. If you find yourself procrastinating out of perfectionism, you can help yourself by relaxing your standards. Shoot for good enough and work your way up to great if you have the time and energy. Dont let the goal of perfection keep you from starting! Get Quick Things Out of the Way Sometimes a too-long to-do list can intimidate you into procrastination; all those items that need your attention can sap you of the energy you need to get started. One helpful how to stop procrastination tip is to make a list of the things you need to get done and note how long each item should take to complete. As you review the list, take any item that can be completed in 5 minutes or less, and do it immediately. This can not only shorten your to-do list quickly but can energize you as you mark off the items. It also sets you started in the right direction to finish the rest. Take Small Steps Breaking procrastination-worthy projects down into smaller steps is a well-known and effective procrastination-busting technique. It can be much easier to begin tackling a project that you know you can complete quickly, and once youve taken a few initial steps in the right direction, you can keep moving more easily and continue until youre finished. (As you complete each step, youll likely feel more energized and motivated to complete more.) One important key is to make the steps short, concrete, and set in your schedule. Small steps lead to big gains! Reward Yourself As you complete each of these smaller steps, the sense of satisfaction and accomplishment you feel can be its own reward and can create its own motivation to move on to the next step. However, sometimes you can benefit from an extra reward. In these cases, you can propel yourself forward by attaching small rewards to each of your small steps, or a bigger reward when you complete several. Go to a movie, celebrate milestones with friends, do things you enjoy when you complete your tasks. You may be dreading the task itself, but the treat on the other side can motivate you to get started! Do the Easy Things First When a task feels overwhelming, its often because we doubt our ability to tackle it. One way to build self-confidence is to tackle the easier parts of the job first. This can give you a boost in two ways: first, as you complete the easier tasks, the job may feel less daunting, and itll be easier to stop procrastination as you complete it; second, once the easy parts of the job are completed, youll be left with less overall work to do, so the rest of the job is smaller and may seem easier to take on. In both ways, your confidence can grow by taking on the easy parts of the job first. Or Do the Hard Things First If you know you can do the task at hand, but you just cringe when you think of the work thats involved, save yourself some stress and tackle the unpleasant or difficult parts of the job first. Like quickly pulling off a bandage, youll get the most uncomfortable part of the job out of the way, and save yourself all the discomfort that comes from dreading and avoiding it before you finally stop procrastination and do it anyway. Dont prolong all that stress! Get the hard parts out of the way, and the rest of the job will be much easier to do. Be an Optimist Another way to combat the self-doubt that often leads to procrastination is to start thinking more like a classic optimist: highlight the positive and minimize the negative parts of the job and of yourself. Look more closely at why you may feel you cant do this task and challenge those views by actively looking at reasons you can: your strengths, your resources, and your successesâ€"similar tasks youve successfully completed in the past. Focus more heavily on why you can do this, and less on why you think you cant. Let Your Temptations Fuel You Never has a television show seemed so inviting to me as when Im procrastinating and avoiding a big project. T.V. shows, conversations with friends, snackingâ€"suddenly these activities can feel irresistible! Im sure you can relate. When youre wondering how to stop procrastination, part of the solution is staring you in the face: look at these things that come up as tempting distractions, and use them as rewards instead! Just tell yourself that whatever it is youd rather be doing, can be your reward for a job well done once you complete part of your work. Use Your Energy Wisely Have you ever noticed that you have more energy at certain times of the day? (For me its usually late morning.) Tackling those things that usually fall prey to procrastination during these high energy windows can help you to be much more productive, can make the job itself feel easier, and can help you stop procrastination much more easily. For the next few days, notice when these higher-energy times of day are for you. Then leave the easier tasks for when youre frazzled at the end of the day, and use your energy on your more challenging tasks when you have higher amounts of it.

Norways financial system - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2745 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Purpose of this paper is to discuss the characteristics of Norwegian financial system, including the regulatory environment in which it operates and in particular, the relationship between the financial and corporate sectors of the economy. In order to do this, the first part analyses Norwegian banking system while the second part looks at the financial markets. BANKING SYSTEM Efficiency According to Author (2004), the stable outlook for the Norwegian banking system is based on the banks strong domestic franchises, sound financial fundamentals and overall low risk profile. The system can also be described by intense competition and a decline in interest rates. Although the Norwegian banks asset quality indicators deteriorated in 2002-2003, ratios have improved since. The Norwegian strong economic expansion since the summer of 2003 has resulted in Norwegian banking sector’s best performance since 2000 (Kredittilsynet 2006). The favor able macro-economic developments have translated into improved bank earnings in 2003 and 2004, driven especially by a reduction in loan losses to very low levels (IMF 2005). The banking system is highly automated and computerised (US Commercial Service 2007). Bank results have been solid in 2006 (Norges Bank 2006). Although banks’ total pre-tax profits as a share of average total assets declined compared to 2005, return on equity in the largest Norwegian banks is solid compared with their Nordic financial conglomerates. Bank Categories According to the US Commercial Service (2007), the Norwegian banking system is comprised of commercial banks, savings banks and a small number of state-owned banks that provide financing for particular purposes. Other principal financial institutions are mortgage companies, finance companies and insurance companies. Foreign banks have been allowed to establish subsidiaries in Norway since 1985, and since the implementation of the EEA Agre ement in January 1994, foreign banks may also establish branches in Norway. Commercial banks enjoy a very close relationship with trade and industry. Savings banks have a long tradition in Norway and cover a substantial part of the local credit requirements. Merchant banks have not achieved the same position in Norway that they enjoy in some countries partly because of the market dominance by the very large commercial banks. There are special banks for fisheries, agriculture, shipping, industry, house building, and export finance. The state participates in all of these. Foreign exchange controls were abolished in 1990. No licensing requirements are in force. The only requirement is a reporting requirement for international payments and financial transactions. The transaction bank generally takes care of this reporting. Savings banks, and foreign subsidiaries and branches, are often organised as parts of wider groups that also include mortgage companies, finance companies, secu rities funds and life and nonlife insurance companies (IMF 2005). Furthermore, though less so than in some neighboring countries, Norway’s banking system is relatively concentrated, and in particular the largest domestic financial conglomerate, DNB-NOR continues to hold a very substantial market share. Its importance is further increased through its role as the settlement bank for many smaller banks in the system. Number of Banks in Norway The Norwegian banking system is comprised of 15 commercial banks, 129 savings banks and a small number of state-owned banks that provide financing for particular purposes (US Commercial Service 2007). According to IMF (2005), as of June 2004 there were 149 banks with 884 branches in Norway and abroad, and 2 foreign banks with 8 branches in Norway. The largest bank is DnB NOR Bank, followed by Nordea Bank Norge, Fokus Bank and Handelsbanken (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006a). Deposits and Lending Total amount of net loans to customers in 2005 was 2,346 billion NOK (USD383 billion), with DnB NOR providing 692 billion (USD 113 billion) on its won (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006b). Total number of deposits from customers in 2005 was 1,192 billion NOK (USD 195 billion), with DnB NOR leading the way with 418 billion (USD 68 billion) (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006b). Hybrid Capital Instrument Several banks have raised capital in recent years by issuing hybrid capital instruments (Kredittilsynet 2006). Hybrid capital instruments share clear similarities with both debt and equity capital instruments. They enjoy better priority than share capital but poorer priority than subordinated loan capital. The number of banks having issued hybrid capital instruments rose from 29 in 2004 to 47 in 2005. Central Bank The Bank of Norway (Central Bank) is organised as a share-issuing company, but the government owns all the shares. It is the executive and advisory entity for monetary, credit and exchange policy. The bank is responsible for authorising interbank systems in Norway(US Commercial Service 2007). The Main Sources of Finance for Industry Banks are, by far, the main source of finance for industries. According to Statistics Norway (2006), banks provide 557 billion NOK (USD 91 billion), out of total 783 billion (USD 128 billion). â€Å"Other credit institutions† provided for 170 billion(USD 28 billion) , while state lending institutions provide 53 billion (USD 9billion). Ownership In June 2004, no bank was owned by the government (IMF 2005). The government had the last ownership of a bank in year 2000. However, there were three state lending institutions in 2005 (Statistics Norway 2006). Corporate Lending and Mortgages Market Norwegian banks reported substantial growth in lending in 2005, close to 17 per cent (Kredittilsynet 2006). Lending growth has been on the rise since the third quarter of 2003. Growth in lending to wage earners has been high for several years, and rose by almost 15 per cent in the past year (adjusted for portfolio transfers). Increased fixed investment has brought quickening growth in loans (almost 17 per cent in 2005) to Norwegian corporate customers. Growth in lending to foreign corporate customers rose by 64 per cent in the same period, mainly through the largest Norwegian banks’ foreign branches. Foreign branches in Norway posted far higher growth than Norwegian banks, at 34 per cent in December 2005. Lending in 2005 to industries was 557billion NOK (USD 91 billion). The larges market was â€Å"real estate and business activities† with 284 million (USD 46 billion), â€Å"real estate† with 221 billion (USD 36 billion) and â€Å"wholesale and retail trade, operation of hotels and restaurants† with 59 (USD 10 billion) (Statistics Norway 2006). All kinds of financing are available to foreign investors (US Commercial Service 2007). Overdraf ts and mortgages are available from banks, which will also assist in the issuance of such financial instruments as discount bonds, convertible bonds, etc. Financial lease arrangements are supplied by leasing companies. Venture capital and merchant banking are not highly developed, but do exist. Eksportfinans ASA finances exports of Norwegian capital goods and services on both market and government supported terms. The financing programs are designed to promote the sale of Norwegian capital goods and services, and financing is also available to foreign buyers. Where exports are involved, the Government of Norway is able to offer subsidized fixed-rate loans to most countries. Government-supported loans are regulated under the OECD consensus agreement. Norway offers no significant financing programs for either domestic or foreign investors. One exception is investments in northern Norway. Competition for home loan customers is intense ((Kredittilsynet 2006). Norwegian banksâ€⠄¢ margin on lending to households is below the level for Swedish and Danish banks. This is partly because loans for housing purposes in Sweden and Denmark are provided by mortgage companies as fixed-interest loans. In Norway loans for housing purposes account for more than 60 per cent of total loans from banks and more than 90 per cent of them carry a floating interest rate. There is also a strong growth in lending to the commercial property sector (Norges Bank 2006). Supervision According to the US Commercial Service (2007), the Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway (Kredittilsynet) supervises all banks and other financial institutions in Norway. The Commercial Banking Act, the Savings Bank Act and the Act on Financing and Finance Institutions regulate banking activities. Norway has revised the regulations relating to financial institutions as a result of the EEA Agreement. With respect to financial services, the EEA Agreement provides for full adaptation to EU regulatio ns. The Central Bank of Norway is responsible for authorising interbank systems in Norway. FINANCIAL MARKETS Deregulation of financial markets, liberalisation of capital markets, along with technological and demographic changes, have altered financial institutions’ operating environment (Kredittilsynet 2006). Five sizeable financial groups: DnB NOR, Nordea Bank Norway, Fokus Bank, Handelsbanken and Sparebanken Rogaland, account for a substantial share of the Norwegian financial market. The three largest life insurance companies: Vital, KLP and Storebrand, hold a combined market share of 87 per cent. The four major players in the Norwegian non-life insurance market: Gjensidige Forsikring, If, Vesta and Sparebank skadeforsikring, hold a combined market share of 75 per cent measured by gross premium revenues. Foreign ownership shares in the Norwegian market are especially large among finance companies (Kredittilsynet 2006). Branches and subsidiaries accounted for a tota l market share of 65 per cent measured by total assets. There are 33 foreign-owned finance companies operating in the Norwegian market, half of them foreign branches. In the non-life insurance field, the foreign share is 42 per cent. If and Vesta Forsikring are the largest foreign-owned companies. Foreign actors have shown keen interest in the banking market in recent years. Foreign-owned subsidiaries’ market share is primarily accounted for by Nordea Bank Norway and Fokus Bank. In addition, several of the foreign branches, of which Handelsbanken is the largest, reported very high lending growth in the Norwegian market in 2005. Oslo Bà ¸rs Stock Exchange According to Oslo Bors (2007), there are four main product areas: shares and primary capital certificates, bonds and other fixed income instruments, derivatives and warrants. The market capitalisation of Norwegian companies listed on Oslo Bà ¸rs came to about one-third of Norway’s GDP at the end of 2005 (Kredit tilsynet 2006). Shares listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (OSEBX) rose by fully 40.5 per cent in 2005, while turnover of listed shares increased by 67 per cent and amounted to a total of NOK 1500 billion (USD 245 billion). The rate of turnover has been increasing for many years, and in 2005 that of the Oslo Stock Exchange is es ­timated to be close to 130 per cent. Large government ownership interest is more prominent in the case of Norway than other countries. Government increased its ownership from 23 to 34 per cent from 2000 to 2005. Large number of new companies have been listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006c). At the end of 2005, 31 more companies were listed than at the beginning of the year, despite the fact that 15 companies had been delisted. There were a total of 245 companies listed on September 2006. EQUITIES According to Oslo Bors (2007), market value in 2006 was 1915 billion NOK (USD 313 billion), which was 512 b illion (USD 84 billion) increase from 2005. Norwegian companies accounted for 1748 billion (USD 285) and foreign companies for 167 billion (USD 27). Foreign companies experienced a significant increase by 50% in respect to 2005. Leader in market share in 2006 was DnB NOR with 468 billion NOK (USD 76 billion). BONDS According to Oslo Bors (2007), there were 744 issues in 2006, down by 87 since 2005 and the lowest in the last 10 years. Banks and insurance group accounted for 267 and industries for 178. Number of issuers was also down from 201 in 2005 to 186 in 2006, lowest in the last 10 years. Industry accounted for 70 and the local government for 43. Number of transaction declined from 32589 in 2005 to 28799 in 2006. Government accounted for the largest number with 15508, followed by 4457 from banks and insurance companies. Market value has increased from 538 billion NOK (USD 88 billion) in 2005 to 548 billion (USD 89) in 2006, with government accounting for 193 billion NOK (U SD 32 billion) and bank and insurance 129 billion NOK (USD 21 billion). There was a significant increase for foreign companies from 4 billion NOK (USD 653 million) in 2005 to 9.4 billion (USD 1.5 billion) in 2006. Turnover increased from 646 billion NOK (USD 105 billion) in 2005 to 690 billion (USD 113 billion) in 2006. DERIVATIVES Turnover has increased from 5351 billion NOK (USD 874 billion) in 2004 and 3823 billion NOK (USD 624 billion) in 2005 to 6200 billion NOK (USD 1012 billion) in 2005 (Oslo Bors 2007). Overall there were 43 per cent more transactions in the derivatives market in 2005 than the previous year (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006c). Securities Market Although financial institutions will retain their dominant role in many countries as savings and financing intermediaries, the importance of securities markets is likely to increase ahead. Trading on the securities market showed especially strong growth in 2005 Norwegian Financial Services Ass ociation (2006c). Money Market Although small, money and forex markets appear to be relatively well functioning and adequately liquid in normal times (IMF 2005). There have been no instances of significant disturbances in recent years. Foreign exchange settlement risks have significantly been reduced since 2003 through Norway joining the Continuous Linked Settlement (CLS) system. About 10-11 market players quote firm FX prices, although it is not a formalized primary dealer system. The short-term interbank money market is less active, with price quotations generally indicative rather than firm, and a few large players dominating the market. But there have been no signs of monopolistic behavior and market participants have been able to distribute liquidity amongst themselves with limited recourse to NB’s facilities. Trading in both FX-related and interest rate derivatives is active, and surveys indicate the markets are liquid. Life Insurance and Pensions Market Pos itive trends both in Norwegian and in international equity markets have led to increased returns for the life insurance companies (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006c). Premium incomes increased further during 2005. The new Act relating to mandatory occupational pensions opens new markets for the sale of pensions (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006c). The life companies have increased their proportion of in ­vestments in shares during 2005. Increased returns on the shares portfolio are the reason for the companies’ improved value-adjusted return on capital. For 2005 value-adjusted return on capital was on average 8.1 per cent, against 7.0 per cent in 2004. At the same time the life companies had on average capital adequacy of 12 per cent in 2005 and all companies satisfied the capital adequacy requirement of 8 per cent. New Regulations Developments in the EU have resulted in substantial chan ­ges in the Norwegian legislation relating to securit ies (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006c). A Committee on Markets in Financial Instruments was appointed, which has proposed a new Securities Trading Act that might be in place on 31 October 2007. New sup ­plementary rules are also being developed for the conduct of business in the market and in relation to customers. Ex ­tensive reporting systems with availability throughout the EEA must also be in place by the aforementioned dead ­lines. In 2005, new rules relating to insider trading and mar ­ket manipulation were adopted, and the Commit ­tee proposed new rules for public tenders. New rules have also been propo ­sed for improving the efficiency of government sanctions associated with contraventions relating to securities. The new legislation, together with the very extensive and detailed rules for good business practice and conduct, implies a change of regime for the Norwegian securities market. The new rules are far more detailed than previ ­ously, and th e authorities will have more effective sanc ­tions for penalising contraventions. New Financial Instruments In parallel with this, new financial instruments are ente ­ring the Norwegian securities market and investment fund legislation, as Norwegian suppliers will be able in due co ­urse to supply instruments that have previously only been sold by foreign suppliers (Norwegian Financial Services Association 2006c). This applies in particular to specialised funds, primarily hedge funds and private equity, where legal amendments are being prepared pursuant to a draft that was circulated for comment in 2005. Separate rules and regulations for banks’ use of credit derivatives to reduce individual risks and requi ­rements relating to capital adequacy for credit risk have been circulated for comment. CONCLUSION The paper has analysed the characteristics of Norwegian financial system, focusing on Norwegian banking system and financial markets. Largely centralised banking environment has been solid in 2006 , with largely increasing deposits and lending. Banks are the main source of finance for industries, accounting for over 70%, and are entirely privately-owned. Small number of financial institutions accounts for a large portion of the financial market. Oslo Bors is the major stock exchange, with an increasing equity and derivatives market and fluctuating bonds market. Securities market is likely to increase further, with small money marketing functioning well. Life insurance and pensions markets are also increasing. New regulations and the new financial instrument are soon to further strengthen Norwegian financial system. BIBLIOGRAPHY Author (2004). â€Å"Norway: Stable Rating Outlook for Banking System†. www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1493/is_200408/ai_n6286942 IMF (2005). â€Å"Norway: Financial System Stability Assessment, Including Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes on the Following Topics: Bankin g Supervision, Insurance Regulation, and Payment Systems†. IMF Country Report No. 05/200 Kredittilsynet (2006). â€Å"The Financial Market in Norway 2005: Risk Outlook†. Norges Bank (2006). â€Å"Financial Stability 2/2006†. www.norges-bank.no/front/rapport/en/fs/2006-02/ Norwegian Financial Services Association (2006a). â€Å"Ten Biggest Banks in Norway†. www.fnh.no/fullstory.aspx?m=1689 Norwegian Financial Services Association (2006b). â€Å"Market Share – lending to and deposits from customers†. www.fnh.no/fullstory.aspx?m=1689 Norwegian Financial Services Association (2006c). â€Å"Financial Year 2006†. Oslo Born (2007) www.oslobors.no. US Commercial Service (2007). â€Å"Norway: Trade and Project Financing†. https://www.buyusa.gov/norway/en/financing.html Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Norways financial system" essay for you Create order

What Have Politicians Prepared for Future College Students

A part of budget money always goes to higher education. However, every country has its own educational policies which define the percentage of these costs spent on it. Countries like Germany regard higher education as one of the priority areas, which is why it allows young people to get it for free. It means that the country entirely supports education. The US education budget and the governments funding role are limited, and the tuition costs are almost exclusively a problem of students and their families. In fact, the loan debt in the US has reached the point of $1,300 billion. However, every once in a while, educational policies are reviewed by every country and the US is not an exception. The actions that are taken depend on the countrys current priorities: while some minimize the burden for students and their families, others try to decrease budget spendings. Let us see which budget proposals for the higher education sector the governments of the US, UK, and Australia have. In their attempts to address the issue of the US college bubble, Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton suggested two separate plans. The first plan by Clinton offers a formula, according to which students will be charged tuition fees depending on their families’ incomes. Additionally, to qualify for the subsidies, students will have to work 10 hours a week. In the politicians opinion, students must demonstrate their willingness to study in college, and they can do it by working 1/4 of the full week. In opposition to Clintons proposal, Sanders plan suggests that the cost-free higher education should be available to every student who has the right qualifications. It means changing the requirements for applicants, which will help to get the most perspective or most motivated among them enrolled in a college. The second plan looks like it is both simple and effective, but we should see which of the two will be approved. In early 2015, the Australian Senate tried to pass an education package that was aimed at three issues — deregulation of college fees by the government, cuts of student subsidies, and expansion of the educational system. While each of the three would have not been a problem on its own, their combination could mean harsher conditions for students and their families. This proposal can be explained by one thing, namely, power games between the Labor and Coalition, which they play at the cost of students. Meanwhile in the UK, George Osborne of the Tory party presented the 2015 Budget which contained a number of budget cuts. One of them was related to the maintenance grants for low-income students. Previously, students from families with income of  £42,620 were entitled to the annual grant starting from  £547 and increasing for the poorer families. Thus, households with earnings that do not exceed  £25,000 per year could apply for a grant of  £3,387. According to the new Budget, the maintenance grant will be turned into loans that the students will have to pay back after graduating. When making this decision, politicians quoted statistical data that most students were more concerned about their current costs and spendings than the future ones. In other words, students won’t mind. While in some European countries the officials have recognized the fact that higher education helps to establish the intellectual elite and facilitate innovation, other governments continue to cut costs and make education available only for the privileged groups. Let us hope that a new form of student loans in the UK will not result in crisis like in the US. The governments should acknowledge that higher education used to be a privilege once, but it is a necessity in the present-day world that is rapidly evolving.

Unanswered Questions Into Research Essay Outline Disclosed

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